Il presidente della Repubblica, invece, con la sua lettera personale alla vedova di Craxi, ha dato la più autorevole testimonianza che potesse esser data del fatto che egli è una grande personalità della storia patria della seconda metà del novecento. E' soprattutto per le nuove generazioni, che Craxi si è stagliato nella storia e nel mito come un grande personaggio. Ciò è dimostrato dal fatto che ad Hamammet, nel decennale, a onorarlo vi erano moltissimi giovani che si affacciano solo ora al voto o che vi si sono affacciati da poco. Le ragioni per cui a Craxi le generazioni mature, Instead, they struggle to dedicate streets or squares (as in Turin Corso Soviet Union still exists) are that the truth about him and his story for many of them uncomfortable. They are afraid of his memory.
The main reason is the fact that he has undergone several trials and convictions of illegal party financing and, in relation to this, also for corruption. That - for another - a careful analysis shows a very different truth from the current vulgate. Worthwhile to examine what it is, beyond the rhetoric executioner, in order to realize the one-sidedness and the inconsistency of these procedures and how instrumental giudizari as submitted.
First, as regards the one-sidedness is noteworthy that only Craxi has applied the "short trial", what you do so hard to introduce in Italy the law. From 1992 to 1996 was held on the basis of a summary trial in less than five years a three-degrees, about corruption and illicit funds received from the PSI for the work of the Milan subway.
The crime of bribery in the case of a corporation does not exist. The MM is a limited liability company in this case was regarded as a public institution with a legal interpretation on a personal basis. As for the illegal financing, it should be remembered that the illegality of the funding of parties descended from the company did not report them, not on whether to deliver. The donations that were reported were considered illegal under a law of 1974. In addition, the secretary of the party, when it was not the Socialist Party, has generally not been considered automatically liable for offenses committed by the administrative secretary of state to compete in the funding received. But Craxi has adopted the theorem to personamsecondo which "could not know." How many other parties, the MM has made loans has never been taken into consideration. But given that the City Council of Milan were made or by a coalition of left or a center-left, the current version is that the parties who were all in the city government received a share of the greater part of the "bribe" of 4 per cent and the opposition of a minority share. The truth is that all parties are financed in this way and that all operators who worked for the MM to this sum, this "bestowal" do not distort their choice. You can criticize this practice, but the fact is that given all the blame to Craxi is very biased and even more so, if it is done by representatives of parties that, at the time, participated in the "partition".
For Enimont, Craxi was accused of having received 11 billion for the PSI. Here too it is limited company. The process is finished in second grade in 1997, death of the accused. What other parties have received funding in connection with the merger between Eni and Montedison do not know. In any case, the financing for this deal to the PCI, of which ignores the total amount, a portion known to have resulted from the procedural point of view, in a personal companion Greganti.
There is also another process terminated by death Craxi accused, those relating to "income security". On 15 June 1999 the Supreme Court decided in fact to be canceled and the postponement of the verdict on appeal. This is also an illegal financing. But the verdict of the Court of Appeal had been annulled by the Supreme Court. It was argued that this bestowal of Banco Ambrosiano, the bank's security policy in the events, he also generated the fraudulent bankruptcy in the Banco Ambrosiano had failed. Inference absurd, as the failure of this bank was due to the fact that huge sums (far superior to the billions paid to PSI) had been hidden abroad. And they are largely sufficient to ensure solvency the Bank. This also resulted from the accounts of the Bank of Italy of the foreign accounts of ragweed. For the sums paid by Enel to the PSI, the trial of Craxi has remained the conviction at first instance in 1999.
There is only another process in addition to that of MM Craxi in Milan that has received a final sentence, you know that for funds paid by the PSI by ENI, but for the process' Italy, as a result of the appeal of the children of Bettino, was condemned by the Strasbourg Court of Human Rights for violation of the Convention for fair trial. This is because the ruling was based on written statements by witnesses, issued before trial, and these texts are not taken down during the process. The defense could not question them and what is considered a serious violation of human rights in the Convention Stasburgo.
So if you want to reason under the law, Craxi was sentenced in a final only for a process, one on the Milan Metro, with the theorem that "could not know." In light of this description of Craxi as a special kind of political figure, bent on corruption is instrumental. Party secretary or any other great political leader could be subject to the same accusation. Above all, he wonders in what sense Craxi could be portrayed as a monster while the presidents of the United States, who won the election thanks to massive funding of enterprises and banks are major political leaders ethically correct. I anticipate the objection: these companies say the money donated. I say, first of all, for small donations, there is no reporting of the names of donors and the total of these figures is huge. In addition, these statements are included in long lists that theoretically can be found but they are often unknown to the public company, related to those from which the funds actually come. Anyway, these funds highlight a link between politics and business much closer and more substantial than that covered The Craxi's Socialist Party. That, in effect, was autonomous from the world of big business and big banks and the world had essentially hostile, despite the fact that its leadership should be especially if Italy is back in the 80, the market economy.
They must gratitude to Craxi to four categories of people: pro-Europeans, ardent Catholics, entrepreneurs and free trade unions of workers, environmentalists. I start from the beginning, because it most directly concerns the city of Milan, one in which debates whether to dedicate a road.
Council in Milan europeo del giugno 1985 , presieduto dal presidente del consiglio Bettino Craxi, venne deciso con votazione a maggioranza (7 voti favorevoli e 3 contrari) - procedura eccezionale per tale istituzione - di convocare la Conferenza intergovernativa avente per oggetto i poteri delle istituzioni l'attribuzione alla Comunità di nuovi settori d'attività e l'instaurazione di un autentico mercato interno. Ne è scaturito l’Atto Unico Europeo firmato da tutti gli stati membri nel 1986 ed entrato in vigore nel 1987. Questo atto legislativo di rango costituzionale, come si legge nei testi di storia, costituisce la prima sostanziale modifica del Trattato di Roma. Esso stabilisce di realizzare il grande mercato unico europeo, con la caduta delle barriere doganali among member states by 1 January 1993, to increase the role of the European Parliament and European Council decision-making capacity by a rule of qualified majority instead of unanimous decisions. The rule of qualified majority voting applies to changes in European customs tariff for the freedom to provide services for the free movement of capital, the common policy on maritime and air transport. The European Community has been awarded five new skills: the common internal market, social policy, economic and social cohesion, research and technological development and the environment. Craxi was the decision that at its meeting in Milan, by imposing the exceptional procedure of majority voting, con cui venne superata l’opposizione di Margaret Tthatcher, fece passare la proposta dell’Atto unico che ha cambiato completamente la Comunità Europea facendola diventare Unione ed aprendo la strada alla tappa finale del Trattato di Maastricht sull’Unione monetaria e alle nuove regole fiscali. E’ questo, sì o no, un fatto storico il cui protagonista si dovrebbe orgogliosamente ricordare?
Ed ora, quello che Craxi ha fatto per il rapporto fra Chiesa Cattolica e stato con la revisione del Concordato del 1984. E un altro evento storico perché la Chiesa cattolica da allora è finanziata con l’8 per mille del gettito dell’Irpef, la nomina dei vescovi non richiede più l’approvazione del governo italiano e il matrimonio cattolico può essere immediatamente trascritto diventando anche tale per il nostro diritto civile.
Per gli imprenditori e i sindacati liberi dei lavoratori, oltre all’apertura ai mercati attuata con l’Atto Unico, ricordo il taglio della scala mobile nel febbraio del 1984 con cui fu sconfitta l’inflazione, la politica di Craxi per l’aumento dell’occupazione e per il made in Italy. Infine, temo che anche gli ambientalisti e le femministe abbiano la memoria molto corta e non ricordino che fu Craxi ad istituire con la legge 8 luglio 1986 il Ministero dell’ambiente, che prima in Italia non esisteva e che ebbe il compito di assicurare la promozione, la conservazione ed il recupero delle condizioni ambientali conformi agli interessi fondamentali della collettività ed alla qualità della vita, nonché la conservazione e la valorizzazione del patrimonio naturale nazionale e la difesa delle risorse naturali dall'inquinamento. E fu lui che istituì, per la prima volta nel suo governo, il Ministero delle pari opportunità.
Ovviamente tralascio gli amici di Aldo Moro, di cui Craxi cercò di salvare la vita quando era prigioniero delle Brigate Rosse nel covo di Via Fani a Roma, gli ex comunisti a cui Craxi consentì nel settembre del 1992 di entrare nell’Internazionale Socialist and those who see the collapse of the USSR as a historic event or for freedom and peace. The first maybe there are more, since we have been. As to the latter's gratitude does not seem to be a very common coin among them. As for those who think that the collapse of the USSR has created a turning point in the direction of freedom and peace in the world (which in fact are still precarious) I remember that was the decision to Craxi, to accept the installation of missiles in Comiso, aimed against the USSR. The decision which led Germany to install his own and convinced the Kremlin that was launched in a challenge with no hope.
By the letter of Italy Giorgio Napolitano on Craxi officer turned the corner. It remains to be seen what will and will say "the last Japanese" who continue to denigrate and ignore its historical role. Because they are afraid.
Francesco Forte
http://www.loccidentale.it/articolo/ve+lo+racconto+io+ the + real + craxi.0084868
