Massimo Teodori
To settle the notes on the funding of the Communist Party, you must call the Soviet money that supported the Italian party for more than a third of a century, that is for the entire period of post-fascist revival and development of Italian democracy.
A quiet reflection on that story helps to better understand the political history of our country.
fact there is something unique in the fact that all non-Communist parties have fallen in the nineties for financial crime , while the Communist Party, which had practiced more than one parallel financial crime (money received from the Soviet state, an enemy officer the deployment operation to which it belonged Italy), passed unscathed through the storm tangentopoli. The communist leaders have never allowed to shed light on foreign financing. And the judiciary has closed the investigation with unique motivations.
It may be objected that the different treatment of parallel financial crime of the parties was not simply the result of law enforcement (and amnesty) to force ' era.
All this is true, but we must then examine the reasons for the serious asymmetry legislative processes that produced highly unbalanced in favor of PCI.
aid from Stalin
Spesso,nel dibattito pubblico degli ultimi vent’anni, i giustificazionisti postcomunisti hanno sostenuto che i finanziamenti sovietici erano in qualche maniera giustificati perché al tempo c’era la Guerra fredda con un mondo diviso in due parti.
L’osservazione tralascia un piccolo ma decisivo particolare.
Il fatto che nel mondo bipolare l’Italia da una parte si incontrava con gli alleati e gli amici mentre, dall’altra, si clashed with the enemy, and that the Soviets schierarsicon meant for Italians nothing but betrayal and intelligence with the enemy of free choices made by representative institutions.
Now, with regard to financial aid, the Italian comrades asking $ 600,000. Comrade Stalin says you can also give away and that Comrade Secchia them can bring himself ...
Comrade Secchia thanks, but says that it must discuss the method of transport ...
Comrade Stalin notes that it is two bags weighing 40-50 pounds ... .
This historic meeting in December 1947 between the dictator of the PCI sovieticoel'uomo strong Peter Secchia was the main theme of the Italian party funding.
Flags of new party and Italian road to socialism waved by Palmiro Togliatti, however, would not have affected the finances of the Communist Party official, and not just from the Soviet parent.
The gold in Moscow, as defined by Gianni Cervetti, has never failed to workshops during Dark thirty-five years after the war ended in 1980.
The financial link, at the same time sign and effect of the deep political connection, it has always accomunatoil Party, Grand National Party, USSR, powerful international center.
And the dollars for the DC
A few months quandoStalin discussed the transport of red bags of dollars from Moscow to Rome, the other dollars, those stars and stripes for the Christian Democrats in Washington, traveling along the easier banking channels ...
The two major Italian parties, therefore, have been supported for a long time, and without savings, and foreign financial sources come not from private organizations or political but rather directly from a State which operated through intelligence.
is in the greatest period of financial dependence from abroad, in the forties and fifties, when they were set up in the expensive machinery of the party, the Christian Democrats and the PCI would not make any move to regulate the financing of political parties, preferring to rely on illegal foreign sources that they would soon added the Italian as illegal.
Today we know enough to reconstruct the history of dependence on foreign money that is linked to the illegal pet.
But the information you have on the pattern of foreign public and private cones with time on the way, data and actors, so to speak, asymmetric between Washington and Moscow .
If it has gone a long way on the American side, thanks to the work of researchers and independent journalists, not just as happened on the first post-communist exsovietico and lack of availability of the sources.
The silences of the PCI
Archives U.S. has made accessible, thanks to the Free of Information Act, many documents of the post-war history, and several players such as Victor Marchetti, CIA William Colby spoke.
And more, it could benefit us of the vital contribution of Congress who has done specific investigations on the activity of foreign secret services the Church Committee in the Senate (1975) and the Pike Report to the House of Representatives (1976).
The post-Communist side, however, everything was harder.
You can not unravel a tangled skein so historically supported by columns amichedella Republic Gianni Corbi, without the full, effective and genuine cooperation of new and old leaders of the Communist Party and the PDS .
No one can approach the truth without all materials relating to the financing flowed to the party to be exhumed from the archives of Rome and Moscow and light will be shed on the constellation of companies more or less directly linked to the Communist Party .
So far, however, appeals to shed light on the past have been rejected by the leaders postcomunisti che non hanno respinto anche l’istituzione delle commissioni parlamentari di inchiesta su Tangentopoli e sui bilanci dei partiti.
Alla ripresa della vita democratica nel dopoguerra il Partito Comunista Italiano era non solo il partito più organizzato, ma anche il più ricco, grazie ai finanziamenti che fin dal periodo clandestino riceveva dall’Unione Sovietica di Stalin e ai bottini raccolti durante la Resistenza, tra cui il famoso oro di Dongo.
According to American sources, which includes Colby, very well informed about things Italian, during the war the Soviet Union paid in rubles, equal to dollars and pounds, the latest in gold bullion and Western currency , and already between 1944 and 1946 on the accounts of senior Communist leaders are deposited large sums of probable origin in Moscow.
We already mentioned that $ 600,000 of the bags delivered to the Secchia Stalin in 1947.
In the thirty years following the PCI funds blacks who receive money in a systematic and contiguity with liquid - mainly U.S. dollars - have not been investigated, but estimates that converge on essential points.
Massimo Caprara, Secretary of Communist leader Togliatti and estimated up to 1969, is about $ 5 million per year until 1976.
The same sum is indicated by Gianni Cervetti, the only community to speak openly funding the Soviets in the gold book of Moscow - The testimony of a protagonist.
15 billion dollars a year the former head of the Communist Party organization in the seventies told that the funding is sovieticonon Emai interrupted or changed since the fifties, and that it represented an average of 10% of the entire budget of the PCI. Since the costs declared by the Communist Party in the seventies ranged from twenty to eighty billion di lire l’anno, e quelle reali sono probabilmente state di entità doppia, è facile dedurre che l’aiuto sovietico in moneta doveva essere compreso tra i 5 e i 15 miliardi di lire l’anno.
Sempre Cervetti racconta che nel 1977 aMosca, nel periodo terminale degli aiuti finanziari sovietici, il compagno Boris Ponomariov del dipartimento internazionale dell’Urss prese un foglietto di carta e una matita ben appuntita, scrisse qualcosa e me la mostrò.
I read the figure of five million.
It must be understood dollars.
Ponomariov follow the movement in a few words which shows claw sum worth for the year just started and it was an effort considerevoledi solidarity, more large can .
Other sources measured with higher funding the Communist Party of the USSR.
According to Colby, the amount paid by the USSR Italians in the Fifties was around 50 million dollars a year, and, more recently, in the dossier arrived in Rome by the prosecutor General of the Russian Federation, Stepankova, containing account records for receipts signed by directors of the PCI shops in the Dark would come something like $ 45 million from the seventies to 1987 .
The Solidarity Fund
funding official at the Communist Party of the USSR broke down in 1979-80 after the arrival of Enrico Berlinguer in the control room of our country, a member of the Atlantic Alliance.
However, there are many signs that the cash flow continued even in the 80s, outside of official relations with the Communist Party, until the fall of the Berlin Wall.
When asked to Guido Cappelloni, former treasurer of the Communist Party in the '70s and later director of the PRC Communist Cossutta and, if not embarrassed by the illicit funds that received from the KGB in Moscow, he replied:
Tra i partiti comunisti c’erano rapporti di vario tipo e tra questi anche quelli di finanziamento. Esisteva a Mosca un fondo di solidarietà da cui si attingeva. Noi,come tanti altri .
Ma i pm archiviano
Nel 1994 the prosecutor of Rome Franco Ionta archived on the investigation blacks Soviet funds to the Italian Communists with a singular motivation:
course, appear ominous references to training courses sabotage, use diarmo and explosives and / or misrepresentation of atechnical, accompanied by a considerable flow of money that have persisted until relatively recent times often at the request of the Italian and trade facilitation for businesses close to the PCI.
Nevertheless, it is procedurally possible to demonstrate that the interests of the USSR against the Italian Communist militants has been transformed into a real corruption of the national interest against the Italian State .
Such a singular conclusion of criminal proceedings is a typical example of the passive in the face of illegal party financing undertaken by judges and politicians, researchers and journalists, which could be symbolized by the three monkeys who see, feel and do not speak.
The silence of politicians
L ' Italian ruling class as a whole has deliberately ignored the destruction of democracy that has long persisted with foreign funding to Italian political parties, especially those in favor of the Communists by the Soviet Union, hostile power of the Atlantic Alliance.
Chapter dell'omertà on money from foreign countries by the Italian leader is perhaps even more serious of the same foreign financing.
They are curious, and disturbing, the witness said that two episodes Cervetti:
"Other people know everything and you should also know that the conclusion," said Louis Longo, 1977 when the I communicated the decision to stop the financial relations with the USSR.
"You see, when our man gets the dollars, goes to change from one exchange that does the same job for others and informing them of what we do.
In the Vatican and Fanfani know everything combine.
In those days, the Interior Minister of the Government of the Republic, Francesco Cossiga, he received a senior intelligence officers who asked him how it would present the man with the suitcase of dollars Soviets:
"What is this? of hard currency that enters in Italy?" , questioned Cossiga
"Yes . So let me come. "
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